Sunday, December 29, 2019
Electronic Voting Machine - 4319 Words
International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 A Preview on Microcontroller Based Electronic Voting Machine Diponkar Paul and Sobuj Kumar Ray, Member, IACSIT Abstractâ€â€Voting is most pivotal process of democratic society through which people determine it’s government. Governments around the world are increasingly considering the replacement of traditional paper-based voting schemes with electronic voting systems. Elections of Bangladesh are conducted most exclusively using electronic voting machines developed over the past three years. In this paper we describe the design, construction and operation of a digital voting machine using a microcontroller profoundly. Again we also portray counting†¦show more content†¦Among the reasons for concern, critics include vague and incomplete security guidelines, insufficient documentation requirements, and inadequate descriptions of the configuration of commercial software. An electronic voting machine has been designed by a microcontroller for which the code is written in assembly language. Various code protection schemes specified by the manufacturer of the microcontroller are used to prevent inadvertent or deliberate reading and reproduction of the code contained in the microcontroller. The election data contained in the EEPROM of the microcontroller can download into a central computer for tabulations. The security of data in this computer is enforced by generating digital signatures for each data file created. This process makes it impossible for anyone to substitute wrong or deliberately altered data files at any intermediate stage between the capturing of voter’s intent by the machine and the final results tabulations. Prior to the election, all conï ¬ guration data is set up on the counting server. The conï ¬ guration is then transferred to the ballot-box server. Conï ¬ guration data include: candidate names, polling station identity, and a list of barcodes. During the voting period, voters are authenticated as per the traditional paper-based voting, and asked whether they wish to vote electronically or use the traditional paper-based method. A voterShow MoreRelatedElectronic Voting Machine2636 Words  | 11 PagesELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE 1. What is an Electronic Voting Machine? It is a simple electronic device used to record votes in place of ballot papers and boxes which were used earlier in conventional voting system. 2. What are the advantages of EVM over the traditional ballot paper/ballot box system? (i) It eliminates the possibility of invalid and doubtful votes which, in many cases, are the root causes of controversies and election petitions. (ii) It makes the process of counting of votes muchRead MoreDo Electronic Voting Machines Improve the Voting Process?1420 Words  | 6 PagesDo Electronic Voting Machines Improve the Voting Process? The electronic voting machine embraces an electronic means of efficiently casting a vote and electronic means of accurately counting votes. Electronic voting machines, can also display election results and because of controversies associated with their operation audit trail, information can also be obtained. There are many types of electronic voting systems: paper based electronic voting system; which provides a paper ballot to beRead MorePros And Cons Of Electronic Voting Machines1396 Words  | 6 PagesOctober 2017.                                                       Electronic Voting Machines                                              Moving away from electronic voting and finding an alternate way to vote that is the most precise and secure course of action. Voting is the process by which a person or group of people formally express their opinion. In the U.S., a citizen must be at least 18 years for them to vote, and voting is voluntary; a person can’t be forced to vote nor can he or she forceRead MoreIndian Voting System Using Electronic Voting Machine1178 Words  | 5 Pages Indian Voting System using Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) Introduction: Traditionally a voting machine has been defined by mechanism of the system to cast votes and categorized by the location where the system calculates and show the votes. With advances in technology EVM came into existence. This system in which citizens interact to cash their ballets that is common parlance to electronic ballet marking system, when the voter makes his or her choices, provides to verify their castedRead MoreElectronic Voting Machine Using 8051 Microcontroller7611 Words  | 31 PagesGOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER By: G.CHAKRADHAR REDDY (07241A0263) R S R GAUTAM (07241A0268) P. KIRAN KUMAR REDDY (07241A0274) B. NAGA TULASI RAM (07241A0280) 1 List of Contents Abstract 1. Background 2. Microcontroller 2.1 Introduction 2.2 History 2.3 Definition of a Microcontroller 2.4 Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors 2.5 MemoryRead MoreAmerica s Voting Equipment s Major Problem? Essay1264 Words  | 6 PagesJessie Sisavat Professor Smith Pols 116 December 13, 2016 What Is America’s Voting Equipment’s Major Problem? For several decades, the American people have been skeptical if their votes count due to the uncertainty of various voting methods. The election process is marred with dissatisfaction and inaccuracy in governmental elections. Voting means a lot to citizens because it is what gets the people’s voices heard. There are voters that are uncertain of trusting the candidates that will make theirRead MoreThesis1205 Words  | 5 PagesRationale: Electronic Voting for Global Vote for Rights by Children International – Tabaco is joining at the World Children’s Prize. It is an education program for all children. Their goal is to become more humane world, where children’s rights are respected by all. And there will be a new way of voting and to make voting process faster and easier. More than 2000 youth ages 12 – 18 yrs. Old are going to vote, first they will have their registration of the participant, next followed by voting processRead More The Hazards of E-voting Essay1159 Words  | 5 PagesThe Hazards of E-voting A democracy can only be effective when it runs efficiently, when the will of the people is transmitted through the corridors of power. It can only hit its zenith if the most important function of democracy, voting, is carried out flawlessly. Although flawlessness has never been achieved, men have certainly tried to keep the voting system as efficient as possible, with the least possible amounts of votes being lost or mis-counted. Human error is of course, uncontrollableRead MoreEssay on Electronic Voting573 Words  | 3 PagesElectronic Voting Gunmen on the grassy knoll, AIDS, landing on the moon, chemtrails, UFO’s, CIA mind control and Waco are some of the well-known conspiracies. But what about George W. Bush’s re-election? This cynicism goes beyond political rhetoric and focuses on our ability to participate in a representative democracy. Developed by the ancient Greeks, one of the first voting systems involved dropping bronze disks into barrels. As technology progressed, the advancements in voting systemsRead More Electronic Voting and What Should be Done Essay1093 Words  | 5 Pagessystem that casts election votes. Ideally, using electronic equipment has many advantages but there are disadvantages hiding in the cave ready to attack. We’ve all seen electronic equipment often work as expected but more importantly, it’s not uncommon for electronic equipment to fail and when this sort of concept is applied to voting, miscounting is simply unacceptable. I think the best way to solve t his type problem is to try to make the voting machines work without fail but to never assume it won’t
Saturday, December 21, 2019
Essay about Anxiety Disorder - 1441 Words
Among many psychological disorders, anxiety disorders are the most predominant in the United States. According to Antony (2011), anxiety disorders affect nearly 28.8 percent of the population. An extreme and unrealistic anxiety is the most common symptom that characterizes all the psychological conditions within the category of anxiety disorders. The category includes specific phobia, agoraphobia, social phobia, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This paper examines obsessive-compulsive disorder discussing the major etymological explanations of anxiety disorders in general, specifically describing the condition, and discussing actual treatments for the disorder.†¦show more content†¦Psychotherapy’s effectiveness is based on the cathartic or abreactive method used, where the patient releases psychological tension by re-experiencing traumatic events. Although anxiety can be produced by repres sed sexual drives, it can also be produced by many other repressed emotions like anger, jealousy, and fear. When these repressed emotions try to reach the conscious, anxiety appears from the unconscious fears related to the traumatic experience. Then, these affects, emotions associated with ideas or actions, are re-repressed by secondary defenses. Using this idea, Freud described and explained many dynamic processes involved in anxiety disorders. For instance, displacement would be a secondary defense in phobias, while reversal and reaction-formation would be secondary defenses in obsessive-compulsive disorder (Wolman Stricker, 1994). However, Freud had to revise his theory after empirical evidence demonstrated that abreaction of affects only relieve the symptoms temporally. In his second model, Freud said that anxiety was a signal for the anticipation of danger that produces defense mechanisms. In a way, anxiety expresses the level of conflict in the unconscious. For this reason, abreaction represents only a partial treatment because it does not resolve the cognitive element of anxiety. Anxiety would be permanent reduced changing the unconscious anticipation of danger. Nevertheless, cognitive elements of anxiety are not just based on innate needs andShow MoreRelatedAnxiety Disorder And Anxiety Disorders1075 Words  | 5 Pagesdefinition for anxiety from a text book stand point. Someone that has or has experienced anxiety would describe it differently. An anxiety problem can be developed through genetics, past life events, and personality. Anxiety can be broken down into six different branches: generalized anxi ety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social anxiety disorder. People with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) often have increased anxiety over somethingRead MoreAnxiety Disorder And Anxiety Disorders1868 Words  | 8 Pagesof both physical and mental development. Mood disorders are often overlooked during this time for the brain becoming more developed; however among children, anxiety disorders seem to be the most common disorders to be experienced (Nelson; Israel, pg 112). Barlow (2002) defines anxiety as a future-oriented emotion that is characterized by the inability to be in control and predict future events that can be potentially dangerous to the individual. Anxiety shares commonalities with fear, but the differenceRead MoreAnxiety Disorder And Anxiety Disorders2598 Words  | 11 PagesFor a huge amount of people, anxiety is a normal response to everyday stress. It’s a normal emotion that everyone goes through at a certain points in their lives. Many people feel anxious or nervous when facing problems at work, school, etc. A nxiety disorders however, are super different. They can cause such distress that interferes with a person’s ability to live a normal life. Anxiety disorders are the most common psychological disorders in the United States. About 27.6 million people in the URead MoreAnxiety Disorder And Anxiety Disorders1224 Words  | 5 PagesAnxiety is defined as a persistent fear that occurs in the absence of a threat. Anxiety and fear are typical human reactions that can be exaggerated. When an individual’s anxiety interferes with their everyday life, it is then referred to as an anxiety disorder. There are five classes of anxiety disorder, which include: generalized anxiety disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, panic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. There is not a specific cause to anxietyRead MoreAnxiety Disorders And Anxiety Disorder848 Words  | 4 Pages Everyone in their life time experiences some sort of anxiety. It is that feeling that you get when you are about to take a test or doing a presentation in front of students. But some people, like me, have something worse than just the anxious feeling you get, something called anxiety disorder. It becomes a disorder when that anxious feeling happens frequently and makes you feel uneasy and different Figuring out that I had anxiety took a while, I always felt like I was anxious a lot more than everyoneRead MoreThe Anxiety Disorder ( Anxiety )1126 Words  | 5 Pages A Psychology disorder known as anxiety disorder, is the most common in the United States. In a result of, 18% of 40 million people suffers from anxiety. However, there are six different types of anxiety disorders in the results of stress, depression, social interaction, obsessive compulsive, and phobia. Which characteristic functions as a natural part of life, that can be treated thought several methods. Anxiety is a feeling of numerous of things, whether its danger or a sense of threat andRead MoreThe Anxiety Disorders : Social Anxiety Disorder2032 Words  | 9 PagesClient Goal There are many adolescences that suffer from anxiety that interferes with them performing in the school setting, and often affects their behavior and grades. One of these anxiety disorders is social anxiety disorder, which is â€Å"characterized by significant discomfort and avoidance of social or performance situations†(Ryan Warner, 2012, p. 105). Studies have found that â€Å"recent estimates indicate that 6% of children and 12.1% of adolescents meet criteria for this diagnosis†(Ryan Read MoreAnxiety Disorder3897 Words  | 16 Pageson Anxiety Disorder Jeffrey S. Fletcher, M.A. Kathleen B. Stinger Psychopathology and Counseling, Coun 656 4, May 2014 Author Note Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Student, Liberty University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Jfletcher1@liberty.edu Abstract This research paper is designed to review articles and books of professional journals in anxiety disorders, definition of anxiety disorder, review of current and past treatments of anxiety disordersRead MoreState Anxiety And Anxiety Disorders3266 Words  | 14 Pagesincrease in research on anxiety. Ever since, special clinics have been introduced in order to help deal with anxiety disorders. It is suggested that the growth in research is due to anxiety being regarded as one of the most prominent and pervasive emotions, causing distress and negatively affecting large numbers of people. As stated by Rachman (2004), anxiety is described as the experience of unpleasant feelings and the unsettling anticipation of a threatening but vague event. Anxiety can be experiencedRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder1142 Words  | 5 PagesGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a disorder of shared self-reported symptoms. It goes with tension, uncontrollable worrying, sometimes muscle pain, tro uble sleeping, and irritability that all together impair work ability, relations, and leisure activities. It is a common condition and there are psychological and pharmacological treatment options are available for anxiety disorders but not all patients respond to the same treatment as others. Finding a good treatment can take many months or sometimes
Thursday, December 12, 2019
Database and Data Independence free essay sample
One of the main advantages of using a database system is that the organization can exert, via the DBA, centralized management and control over the data. The database administrator is the focus of the centralized control. Any application requiring a change in the structure of a data record requires an arrangement with the DBA, who makes the necessary modifications. Such modifications do not affect other applications or users of the record in question. Reduction of Redundancies: Centralized control of data by the DBA avoids unnecessary duplication of data and effectively reduces the total amount of data storage required. It also eliminates the extra processing necessary to trace the required data in a large mass of data. * Elimination of Inconsistencies: The main advantage of avoiding duplication is the elimination of inconsistencies that tend to be present in redundant data files. Any redundancies that exist in the DBMS are controlled and the system ensures that these multiple copies are consistent. * Shared Data: A database allows the sharing of data under its control by any number of application programs or users. For example, the applications for the public relations and payroll departments can share the same data. * Integrity: Centralized control can also ensure that adequate checks are incorporated in the DBMS to provide data integrity. Data integrity means that the data contained in the database is both accurate and consistent. Therefore, data values being entered for the storage could be checked to ensure that they fall within a specified range and are of the correct format. Security: Data is of vital importance to an organization and may be confidential. Such confidential data must not be accessed by unauthorized persons. The DBA who has the ultimate responsibility for the data in the DBMS can ensure that proper access procedures are followed, including proper authentication schemes for access to the DBMS and additional checks before permitting access to sensitive data. Different level s of security could be implemented for various types of data and operations. * Conflict Resolution: Since the database is under the control of the DBA, he/she should resolve the conflicting requirements of various users and applications. In essence, the DBA chooses the best file structure and access method to get optimal performance for the response-critical applications, while permitting less critical applications to continue to use the database, albeit with a relatively slower response. * Data Independence: Data independence is usually considered from two points of view: physical data independence and logical data independence. Physical data independence allows changes in the physical storage devices or organization of the files to be made without requiring changes in the conceptual view or any of the external views and hence in the application programs using the database. Thus, the files may migrate from one type of physical media to another or the file structure may change without any need for changes in the application program. * Logical data independence implies that applicat ion programs need not be changed if fields are added to an existing record; nor do they have to be changed if fields not used by applications programs are deleted. Logical data independence indicates that the conceptual schema can be changed without affecting the existing external schemas. Data Independence is advantageous in the database environment since it allows for changes at one level of the database without affecting other levels. These changes are absorbed by the mapping between the levels. * Cost of software/hardware and migration * Problem associated with centralization. * Complexity of Backup and Recovery. 2. Explain the importance of ER modeling techniques in database development and normalization with examples. (P2. 2) A database can be modeled as: * a collection of entities, * relationship among entities. * An entity is an object that exists and is divided from other objects. * Example: specific person, company, event, plant * Entities have attributes * Example: people have names and addresses * An entity set is a set of entities of the same type that share the same properties. * Example: set of all persons, companies, trees, holi days * Rectangles represent entity sets. * Diamonds represent relationship sets. * Lines link attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationship sets. Underline indicates primary key attributes As one important aspect of E-R modeling, database designers represent their data model by E-R diagrams. These diagrams enable designers and users to express their understanding of what the planned database is intended to do and how it might work, and to communicate about the database through a common language. The myriad of styles and conventions for E-R diagramming make it difficult to choose the best one. This book utilizes an acceptable style, but certainly not the only one. Each organization that uses E-R diagrams must adopt a specific style for representing The various components. You can be sure that the principles of E-R diagramming are independent of the stylistic details. E-R Diagram 3. Explain phases of a Database Development Life Cycle (DDLC) and analysis the importance of each phase. (P2. 1) A software development life cycle model (SDLC) consists of a set of processes (planning, requirements, design, development, testing, installation and maintenance) defined to accomplish the task of developing a software application that is functionally correct and satisfies the user’s needs. These set of processes, when arranged in different orders, characterize different types of life cycles. When developing a database, the order of these tasks is very important to efficiently and correctly transform the user’s requirements into an operational database. These SDLCs are generally defined very broadly and are not specific for a particular type of application. In this paper the authors emphasize that there should be a SDLC that is specific to database applications. Database applications do not have the same characteristics as other software applications and thus a specific database development life cycle (DBDLC) is needed. A DBDLC should accommodate properties like scope restriction, progressive enhancement, incremental planning and pre-defined structure. Keywords: Software Development, Database, DBMS, lifecycle model, traditional lifecycles Database management systems are generally categorized as transaction processing systems, decision support systems and/or knowledge-based systems. During their development each of these types of DBMS introduces different problems and challenges. Traditionally, SDLC models designed for developing DBMS followed the design-first-implement-later approach because of the DBMS were mainly of the transaction processing type [Weitzel and Kerschberg, 1989]. The authors believe, as we will explain later, that the design-first-implement-later approach does not work for the databases underlying data mining or knowledge-base systems or for that matter for any system where the requirements change very frequently. 4 . Design and develop a fully functional database by using DDLC concepts including following steps (P3. ); 4. 1 Analysis all the existing problems and outline the problem definition for the above scenario and give the database solutions to overcome the problems identified. (P1. 1) For a large enterprise, there is a very large body of crucial information. These are the â€Å"crown jewels†of the information technology part of the company. This information lasts for the whole lifetime of the enterprise. But applications come and go, like migrating birds. The next application to come along might want access data in a different way, for important reasons. The structure of the database structure must adapt well to these new and changing demands. With the older styles of data organization (called â€Å"network†or â€Å"CODASYL†, roughly speaking), sometimes the new application could not be done efficiently. Many times, for all practical purposes, it was impossible to write the application with acceptable performance. You can find the details of this in many books, but to give just one analogy: suppose you have a program with nested loops. In many cases (not 2D arrays), it’s pretty obvious which loop ought to be on the outside. Well, imagine if you forced to do it the other way, even if it made the program very much slower. And that’s just one example. To solve this, we want data organization that can do two things. First, give every application a view of the database that doesn’t change over time, so that the application keeps working. Second, have a way to change the physical organization of the data without changing any of the software that uses the database system, which may be needed to make the new applications faster without hurting the old ones, or not hurting enough that it matters much. This is called â€Å"data independence. †* The Relational Model A novel and effective solution to data independence, the â€Å"relational†, . By representing data in relations, in normalized form, you can solve both of the above problems. I won’t go over all that here; I recommend â€Å"An Introduction to Database Systems†By the way, notice that the name of the book isn’t â€Å"†¦ to Relational Database Systems,†even though that’s what the book is. Why bother with a superlative adjective, when â€Å"everybody knows†that all database systems, other than ancient ones, are relational? The relational model, as an abstract concept, is an excellent and brilliant solution to the data independence problem. Later we’ll see that that is not the only problem for which people want to store data. But in the next post, I’ll look into how well actual relational database systems implement the concept. 4. 2 Draw the conceptual model for the above scenario with possible entities and relationships. Transform the conceptual design into logical design. Normalize the data into 3 NF clearly showing the steps of normalizations. Include user interfaces) (P3. 2) 4. 3 Conduct a survey to evaluate your database development efficiency and methods of improvement. (P3. 3) You are required to prepare, distribute a feedback form for your system users and collect their feedback.
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